Here's some details on the red tide:
THE red tide (also known as red death), which has prevailed around the False Bay coast for the past three weeks and which this week saw various forms of marine life washed up dead on our beaches, has drawn widespread reaction from far and wide.
Helderberg residents, have during the past few weeks seen a large number of dead fish, crayfish, crabs, sea urchins, worms, star fish, sea cucumbers, octopi and other marine creatures (photos above) washed up along the shore and have claimed that the sea stinks.
People frequenting Harbour Island say there is a particularly strong smell coming from the sea and a wide variety of marine life is lying dead and rotting around the harbour.
The reason for the strong smell is the amounts of dying fish and sea creatures, and because the red tide is concentrated in a smaller enclosed area.
In his book Strike - The book on Salt Water Fishing in Southern Africa, Advocate Fanie Schoeman (who died at the age of 91 in 2006) writes some fish and marine animals are more affected by the red tide than others. Among these are kob, white steenbras, red steenbras, blue and white musselcracker, blacktail, galjoen, wildeperd, romans, crayfish, prawns, starfish, sea anemones, alikreukel, octopus and squid.
He says certain species of fish such as geelbek, mackerel, elf and mullet seem immune to the toxic effects of the red tide. Some people have even confused the red colour of the sea water with sewage and pollution and have blamed the municipality for this.
Many have also phoned the DistrictMail reporting dead fish and other sea life along the beach. Although it is not toxic to humans it is not advisable to eat the sea creatures affected by it.
Advocate Schoeman explains in his book that red tide, which can range in colour from orange through to brown red and even purple or yellow, as the sudden breeding of a form of plankton, "the tiny first link in the sea's food chain".
"Offshore winds dredging across the surface water cause an upswelling from the depths. Together with the cooler water, the microscopic organisms responsible for Red Tide are drawn to the surface. If sunny days and calm seas follow, they bloom in spectacular profusion, sometimes reaching densities of more than five million per litre of sea water. When conditions become unfavourable, the organism simply contracts into a hard ball, sinks backs into the depths and awaits its next call."
In a booklet on red tide written by Irma van der Vyver and Dr Grant Pitcher, they explain that dense concentrations of red tide organisms can also suffocate fish by clogging or irritating their gills, so that they cannot extract sufficient oxygen from the water.
They quote that in 1962 the mortality of more than 100 tons of fish in False Bay was attributed to gill clogging.
Red tides may also kill indirectly by depleting the oxygen dissolved in the water. The mass mortality of the red tide organisms once the nutrients have been depleted, results in an increase in the number of bacteria which are responsible for the decomposition in the sea. The activities of this huge population of bacteria soon deplete the oxygen in the water, leading to the death of other marine animals.
The length of time a red tide can stay in an area is determined by the weather and can therefore stay in an area for many months. Good news for Helderbergers is that on Wednesday the South Easter had picked up and if it continues to blow for a few days, it could eventually disperse the red tide.