Another article of interest.
sorry for the length.
Biting back
Just because great white sharks are protected doesn't mean we should
be on their menu.
By Wade Graham
WADE GRAHAM has written on environmental issues for the New Yorker,
Harper's, Outside, Environmental History and the Los Angeles Times
Magazine.
August 21, 2005
GREAT WHITE SHARKS apparently are making a comeback along the Southern
California coast. That's excellent news for the protected great whites,
but unsettling for the millions of Californians who work and play in
the Pacific.
As an environmentalist and a surfer who believes in protecting wild
land and wild animals, including big predators that can harm humans,
I'm troubled by our approach to great whites. An extreme and, I
believe, confused notion of wilderness is in play here. In Southern
California, where our neighborhoods push deeper and deeper into the
wild geography of mountains and canyons, we are accustomed to coyotes,
bears and mountain lions coming into our streets and yards. But we
nevertheless police this boundary. We don't accept that mountain lions
or bears should come onto our lawn and attack one of us. Animals that
do so are moved, sometimes killed, without endangering the survival of
the species or the stability of the ecosystem.
That doesn't happen with great whites. In 2003, an angler on the
Hermosa Pier caught a juvenile white shark. Thinking it was a mako
shark (of which you are allowed to catch two per day), he kept it. But
he was fined and ordered to do community service. A similar case this
summer against a charter boat is pending. A great white that killed a
woman swimming off Avila Beach two years ago was seen several times in
the following weeks hunting seals just off the beach while the little
resort town watched the summer season it depends on evaporate, as
visitors stayed away in droves. As a protected species, the shark could
not be harmed.
Until recently, great whites found south of Point Conception were
considered strays from their primary hunting grounds, the seal colonies
of Northern California. An uptick in Southern California sightings
began in 2003, when surfers at San Onofre, on the border of Orange and
San Diego counties, saw three juvenile whites prowling the shoreline.
The fish, each 8 feet long, hung around all summer, circling and
occasionally bumping surfers, but biting no one. Locals named then
Sparky, Fluffy and Archie.
This year, sharks 6 feet long are turning up at beaches from Solana in
the south up through Laguna, Huntington, El Segundo, Zuma, and on to
Emma Wood in the north. Surfers encountered 10- to 13-foot white sharks
at Del Mar, Point Mugu and Ventura. A shark in that range bumped a
surfer at Topanga, and three bodyboarders experienced what seemed to
them a failed attack at Point Mugu. A surfer reported seeing a seal
flung through the air at Encinitas. On June 18, at Leo Carillo Beach in
Malibu, lifeguards saw a 13-footer and cleared the water. At Zuma Beach
in March, a lifeguard and several spectators reported a 15-foot shark
following an adult gray whale and her calf. All of these instances were
in shallow water, close to shore in the surf zone.
The swelling number of sightings could be sampling error: More people
go into the water every year, stoked by surf-themed movies like "Blue
Crush" and "Step into Liquid." Scientists urge caution in jumping to
conclusions, saying the reported surge in sightings doesn't prove
conclusively that white shark numbers are rising. Yet they acknowledge
that mysteries remain about these animals, including where they breed,
give birth and feed when the seals leave their colonies for the sea.
Scientists believe that female white sharks come to Southern California
in early spring to give birth to litters of "pups." The 4-foot-long
babies are left to fend for themselves, eating halibut, cabezon and
other fish, while the adult females go out to the islands or elsewhere
to find larger prey. It's not uncommon for area fishermen to catch
juveniles, usually inadvertently.
Young sharks probably pose little danger to people. Their teeth are
needle-like and close-set, adapted to hold fish, not tear into large
animals. But as the sharks grow past 10 feet, they develop bigger,
wider teeth, set farther apart, to allow them to eat seals, small
whales and other mammals. These developing sharks are the most agile
and aggressive — and may be more dangerous than larger adults.
Worldwide, just 27% of white sharks that bite people are longer than 15
feet, while 50% are between 10 and 15 feet. It is extremely cold
comfort to know that if bitten by a smaller shark, your likelihood of
dying is 22%, versus 45% if your assailant is a large adult.
No one knows whether the young great whites now in Southern California
will stay once mature. Fully grown great whites are incredibly rare.
Perhaps no more than 100 live off California, and they tend to stick
around a few elephant seal colonies at the Farallons, Ano Nuevo, San
Simeon, San Miguel Island and Guadalupe Island off Mexico. In those
locations, encounters with humans are uncommon. As Professor Peter
Klimly, a shark expert at UC Davis, says, "If all the bad guys are all
in one place, far away from people, you don't have a problem."
But Klimly acknowledges that there is "an ambience" of sharks
continually moving along the coast between seal colonies, and those
sharks can come into contact with people. And although white shark
advocates insist that the animals don't eat people, they certainly do
bite and kill them. California has recorded 11 fatal attacks and 83
nonfatal attacks since the early 1950s. In Southern California, the
fatal attacks have been off La Jolla in 1959, off Malibu in 1989 and
the woman swimming near the Avila Beach pier in San Luis Obispo County
in 2003.
Clearly, sharks and people need to be carefully managed. But only the
sharks have protection, under a California law that took effect in
1994. That law made sense at the time. The 1975 movie "Jaws" and a
dozen years of sequels sent more sportfishing boats after big sharks
for thrills. Today, as seals, the sharks' primary food, thrive along
the coast as a protected species, no one knows if the great whites are
indeed endangered. The 1994 law called for a study to determine the
great white population along the coast, but no money was allocated to
pay for it.
In light of the research vacuum, scientists have no idea what the
historical numbers are, or whether the sharks have been declining or
thriving. Worldwide, they show no signs of disappearing. They inhabit
nearly all parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, plus the
Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.
Among defenders of the sharks, it's fashionable to say that we "enter
the shark's house" when we go in the ocean and must accept the risk of
attack. There's an undercurrent of guilt in this bravado, as though by
"entering the food chain" we can somehow expiate our forefathers' sins
in exterminating other species, such as the grizzly bear featured on
the California flag but hunted out of the state a century ago. The
woman who loved to swim at Avila Beach is routinely talked of as though
she deserved her death. She looked like a seal in her fins and wetsuit
and was swimming near seals, thus she brought it on herself; the shark
is blameless. Her death was an unfortunate cost, we are told, of
keeping an important endangered species alive.
This may be true, but it seems gruesome and an easy moralization for
people who do not go into the ocean.
The urban beaches of Southern California are not the same as an oceanic
"wilderness" like the Farallon Islands. They are our backyard. We
should not have to forfeit our right to security the minute we step off
dry sand — especially because the scientific case for the great white
shark's immediate endangerment becomes less convincing with each new
sighting.
Knowing more about the shark is vital. We should demand funding for the
science required to make the right decisions. And we should end the
blanket protection offered these animals when they venture near our
beaches. Sharks that menace or attack people should be managed in the
same way as problem bears and mountain lions: captured and relocated if
possible, or killed if necessary.